Inadequate Social Change of Booker T. Washington Essay -- African Amer

There has been a lot of discussion over Booker T. Washington and the viability of his work at Tuskegee Institute. Some accept that he was a pioneer for dark instruction in whenever few had the chance. Others accept that his adjustment to the white perfect of what an individual of color ought to be blocked his capacity to make genuine social change for his race. In his life account, Up From Slavery, Washington maps out his life from its unassuming beginnings as a slave up through the achievement of his school, Tuskegee Institute. He rushes to drop names of the significant white representatives and unmistakable residents to guarantee their help for his school. In any case, he rushes to push his understudies to be beneficial individuals from their general public. Through closer assessment, would washington be able to's actual perspectives radiate through? Did he win triumphs for his race through carrying on reasonably of white society or did he surrender to their requests in quest for h is own brilliance and rescuer status? Maybe nobody will ever realize what was genuinely in his heart, yet his open activities didn't actuate extreme, complete, enduring social disclosures for his African American siblings. In his Tuskegee school, he advanced the estimation of work and difficult work. The understudies constructed each expanding on the grounds and invested heavily in their work. They figured out how to peruse and compose and numerous other modern aptitudes while working around the grounds. Washington expressed in his self-portrayal, My arrangement was to have them, while playing out this administration, showed the most recent and best techniques for work, with the goal that the school would get the advantage of their efforts, yet the understudies themselves would be instructed to see not just utility of labor, but excellence and pride (Washington 103). Washington limited t... ...ar that his goals may have been acceptable yet his execution came out frail as he permitted himself to get overwhelmed by wants for force and acknowledgment. At long last, he got referred to in history as an Uncle Tom figure and incapable to make any enduring change. In any case, maybe, his disappointment was fundamental to the improvement of the 1960's Civil Rights Movement. Pioneers of that time saw his shortcomings and this time they would not commit similar errors. They learned through Booker T. Washington's experience that playing by the white man's standards and climbing the stepping stool of their framework would not give them the opportunity they looked for. Washington gave the experience expected to permit pioneers that tailed him to be fruitful in their battle for opportunity. Works Cited Washington, Booker. Up From Slavery: The Autobiography Of Booker T. Washington: Aun Autobiography. Fortress, 2001.

Treating Tobacco Dependence Essay Example for Free

Rewarding Tobacco Dependence Essay The article expects to uncover the association between tobacco reliance, smoking end, and wretchedness, in intellectually sick wellbeing patients, particularly the individuals who have been recently determined to have unipolar sadness. As per past examinations, smoking suspension causes discouragement in people who have experienced the condition already. In addition, measurements accumulated from exhaustive information investigation and research show that most people enduring states of mind are exceptionally subject to tobacco use, which presents impeding consequences for their wellbeing. Goals so as to stop psychological well-being patients or people recently determined to have sorrow from smoking, is yet to be found because of the nonappearance of exhaustive data of how to deal with backslide in the wake of smoking end. From that point forward, the treatment of tobacco misuse has gotten troublesome since people with psychological wellness conditions or who were recently determined to have melancholy, since experiencing smoking discontinuance, have intensified their present emotional well-being working or have impacted them to return to their past burdensome conditions. Another investigation directed by Glassman et. al. on 100 people who were discovered to have history of despondency came about to comparative results. They were managed with setraline, which was used to hinder people from smoking and in the long run assist them with getting over the dependence. Dominant part of the example populace acquired for the investigation backslid into their burdensome state. The investigation directed by Tsoh et. al., then again, uncovered that practically 50% of the example populace who were associated with smoking suspension likewise came back to their past burdensome state. On the off chance that people who recently experienced sadness rely upon tobacco use to stifle burdensome manifestations, at that point they would doubly endure if smoking end were regulated as a methods for completion tobacco use. The specific examination expected to recognize the degree of harm for people who rely upon tobacco use and the impacts of smoking discontinuance soon after. The examination contemplated and watched 322 people who are profoundly reliant on smoking, and who were recently determined to have unipolar despondency. The people who were asked joined and take part in the examination were permitted by the psychological well-being outpatient centers, following up assent from these organizations. The specific research used a PC program intended to achieve the motivation behind the examination. The PC program was utilized to give input to the adjustments in the conduct of an individual viewing smoking as they were observed for a specific timeframe. People who participated in the examination study finished the program from gauge, the third, 6th, twelfth, and eighteenth months following smoking discontinuance. The input produced for each program fulfillment depended on past information assembled from the person. The standard for people who quit smoking depended on the individual’s forbearance from smoking for a seven-day time span. To quantify the outcomes with regards to states of mind, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Mental Component Summary of Medical Outcomes Study Short Form, the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. The aftereffects of the examination were dissected by using a table, which observed the psychological well-being working of people as they initiated with smoking suspension rehearses. As the time advances, the criticism produced by the PC program used in the examination uncovered that, people gradually gave indications of stopping from smoking. A few people returned to liquor and medication misuse, while some additionally reduced their utilization of medications and liquor. Just a little bit of the complete populace effectively quit from smoking. The aftereffects of the investigation were taken vis-à -vis the discoveries of another examination led by Hall and et. al. The examination demonstrated that people who are by and by experiencing genuine psychological wellness conditions, for example, melancholy, could be helped to experience smoking suspension. This procedure, of intercession while encountering psychological wellness conditions would not hold negative impacts upon recuperation. In addition, on a positive note, the individuals who were discovered to have effectively stopped smoking likewise decreased their admission of liquor, drugs, and different substances that prompted habit. The most noteworthy result of the investigation uncovers that the two gatherings of people, intellectually sick patients who experienced smoking end and misuse mediation, and the individuals who effective quit smoking didn't show any manifestation of wretchedness. Along these lines, the investigation unequivocally bolsters mediation while patients are under consideration for psychological wellness issues, instead of trusting that the burdensome state will die down. This examination significantly adds to past investigations led so as to decide smoking suspension and its impact to patients with emotional wellness issues that are profoundly subject to tobacco use. Despite the fact that the difficult despite everything lies with people who rely upon tobacco use, and have endured gloom beforehand, and smoking end, there ought to be sure guidelines and intercessions preceding the end of emotional well-being working. For example, emotional well-being patients ought not be permitted to return to smoking so as to stifle their downturn. Emotional wellness facilities should execute more projects and exercises that are fascinating and are increasingly inclined to diminish the pressure of the patients so as to return their consideration from smoking cigarettes. This measure is a proficient method of affecting more noteworthy impacts on the emotional wellness of people, and furthermore to spare expense and exertion with respect to psychological well-being facilities, when past patients backslide into their burdensome states.    References Prochaska, J. J., Hall, S. M., Tsoh, J. Y., Eisendrath, S., Rossi, J. S., Redding, C. A., Rosen, A. B., Meisner, M., Humfleet, G. L., Gorecki, J. A. (2007). â€Å"Treating Tobacco Dependence in Clinically Depressed Smokers: Effect of Smoking Cessation on Mental Health Functioning.† American Journal of Public Health. Recovered May 7, 2008, from MWATT. Site: http://mwattc.com/docs/depressedsmokers.pdf

Stalin and His Five Year Plan free essay sample

Investigate the jobs of instruction and purposeful publicity in Stalinist Russia. Introduction: Education and Propaganda were devices utilized by Stalin to keep up and unite his capacity in Russia. The specific year with respect to when Stalin was in power is questionable. With the end goal of this paper, Stalin will be perceived as in intensity of Russia in 1929, the year when the majority of his restrictions were rout, particularly Trosky. Instruction Though Stalin consistently tended to himself as the devotee of Lenin, and all what he is doing is a continuation of Lenin. In any case, he substantiate himself wrong when he switched the patterns of training started by the Boshelviks after 1917. At the point when Lenin and the Bosheviks were in power, youngsters were urged to learn exchanges and take part in exercises that were of handy worth. Be that as it may, Stalin went on an alternate methodology: he needed his kin to be proficient. Stalin began to develop his own arrangement of instruction, a portion of the terms include: †¢10 long stretches of necessary tutoring for all kids Core educational plan include: perusing , composing, math, science , history , geology, Russian, Marxist hypothesis †¢State recommended reading material to be utilized †¢Fees to be charged throughout the previous three years of non obligatory auxiliary His instructive arrangement did worked and because of these training approaches: Between 1929 and 1940, the quantity of youngsters going to class rose from 12 million to 35 million and proficiency rate for the pop ulace over age of nine expanded from 51% to 88%. We will compose a custom article test on Stalin and His Five Year Plan or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In any case, as much as Stalin need to advance socialism, the presentation of expenses for the last there long stretches of tutoring may seem to challenge the thought of a libertarian instruction framework. The gathering reserved the option to assign the individuals who were to get the higher evaluation preparing that would give them access to college, and for this situation, party members’ youngsters would have the principal guarantee on the best places. Somewhere in the range of 1928 and 32 33% of all students were party chosen one. Promulgation conversely the Communist Party controlled all the primary types of data, papers film and radio. Roy Medvedev, a soviet student of history, who survived Stalinism, later clarified: â€Å"Stalin didn't depend on dread alone, yet additionally on other help of most of the individuals; adequately deluded by shrewd publicity, they gave Stalin credit for the triumphs of others and in any event, for accomplishments that were in truth absolutely fictitious† Stalin’s wiseom and brightness were lauded every day in Pravda. Kids at school gained from their most punctual minutes to adore Stalin as the supplier of every single beneficial thing. no course readings in any subject that didn't laud the temperances of stalin. †lynch An especially usefull instrument for the spread of Stalinist purposeful publicity was Komsomol, an adolescent development which had started in Lenin’s time, Stalin proceeded with it . It was a program open to age 14-28 essentially helping the gathering for different occasions like stalin’s birthday which in 1929 named as the best festi val in the soviet schedule. Stahanovite development: The Stakhanovite development started in August 1936. It was authoritatively reported that Alexei Stakhanov without any assistance â€Å"harvested more than 100 tons of coal in one five-hour move, in excess of multiple times his necessary portion. † It was a bogus case by the gathering to urge laborers and laborers to work more diligently. The utilization of purposeful publicity was an apparatus for Stalin to keep up power since it spreads over all times of individuals, the adolescent, the grown-ups, and the more established individuals; he shows up on papers; practically all spots had an image of him holding tight the divider; his birthday turned into a national festival day; books contain just words that acclaim how Stalin was useful for Russia. Through purposeful publicity, Stalin had the option to build up a prevailing player in the core of Russians, rather they loathe him or not, his essence was all over the place. In correlation, training similarily helped stalin to look after force. Since offspring of gathering domineer can gets the primary goal, and going on to colleges became experts, this instructive and limited time process had a significant political perspective. It enhaced Stalin’s power by making a class of â€Å"privileged directors who had each thought process in supporting him since they were his animals. lynch Evaluate the techniques Stalin used to look after force. Introduction: †¢For the reason for this paper, Stalin’s date in force will be consider as 1929. Reason being that the entirety of his resistances were gone, all the more critically, Trotsky, whom Stalin accepted to be the extraordinary danger was banished. Cleanses: According to Lynch the Purges â€Å"were Stalin’s head weapon† for him to solidify and expand his power. Initially, the gathering cleanses were not as fierce as they later became. Youngsters at school gained from their most punctual minutes to adore Stalin as the supplier of every single beneficial thing. â€Å"no reading material in any subject that didn't adulate the ideals of stalin. †lynch An especially usefull instrument for the spread of Stalinist purposeful publicity was Komsomol, a young development which had started in Lenin’s time, Stalin proceeded with it . It was a program open to age 14-28 fundamentally helping the gathering for different occasions like stalin’s birthday which in 1929 was named to be the best festival in the soviet schedule. The utilization of purposeful publicity was an instrument for Stalin to keep up power since it spreads over all periods of individuals, the young, the grown-ups, and the more seasoned individuals; he shows up on papers; practically all spots had an image of him holding tight the divider; his birthday turned into a national festival day; books contain just words that acclaim how Stalin was useful for Russia. Through purposeful publicity, Stalin had the option to build up a predominant player in the core of Russians, rather they preferred or detested him, his essence was all over the place. Multi year designs The multi year plans started in October 1928 until December 1955 as an intend to attach the glue of industrialization. Without a doubt the outcome toward the finish of the multi year plans were noteworthy and had incredible upgrades considering the condition that Russia was in before Stalin came in power. Modern yield during the initial three FYPS: Steel had a 600% expansion, Coal, power and Oil likewise have 200-300% expansion in general. These 4 key items gave the premise to the military economy which empowered the USSR to endure four years of German occupation and in the end won the war, however some would contend that German loses were expected to Germans’ ineptness and not the capacity of Russia. The multi year designs that Stalin set forward keep up if not further expanded his capacity. Numerous individuals were seeing the drastically changes in Russia under Stalin; during the 1920s 80-90% of Russians were workers be that as it may, even pretty much 10 years after Stalin was in power, Russia turned into an overwhelming modern nation. Stalin, however did took fierce measures to accelerate his industrialization plans like the cleanses, yet he most likely improved Russia’s financial condition. Stalin’s commitment to Russia was additionally perceived when Russia won WWII. Consequently together the apparently extraordinary outcomes from industrialization and the destruction of Germany permit Stalin to futher solidify and keep up his capacity in Russia. Definitely there are different techniques that Stalin used to keep up his capacity. THe three talked about in this paper maybe are the keys to consider. Of the 3, maybe THe Great Purge 36-39 was the most liable for Stain to look after force: the way that there was a feeling of dread, vulnerability and persecution going on, permit nobody to conflict with Stalin. In any case, this may not be the main strategy Stalin had the option to keep up power for over 20 years. The Great Purge, dependable to keep restrictions off the beaten path; the extraordinary consequences of the multi year plans ; his appearances being audit everyway, in additing, each report about Stalin lauds him: together, these strategies Stalin utilized assistance maintaini his capacity in Russia.

Is War Nescessary essays

Is War Nescessary expositions War, to try and consider that makes one shiver with absolute dread and appall. War is a horrible insidiousness under any condition. Recalling a portion of the ongoing wars, for example, World War 2, Vietnam, and Yugoslavie and one kicks back and envsisons the ghastly demonstrations that war causes. One can see the locations of a war zone, a field of butchery, after the battle is finished, the sights and sounds that meet our eyes toward each path, the shocking mutilations delivered via landmines or mortar shells, according to the dead, the torn and dying, mangled sections of human body parts that are flung about, the desolate cry of the injured; and when we dismiss, shivering, to close out this scene from the brain, we might be enticed to ask how humankind can submit such an appalling and malice activity by any stretch of the imagination. War unfortunaltey is one of the humankinds method of managing clashes. The utilization of power, agression and passing to undermine different countries, or ones own country is the main way people have had the option to manage issues in our general public. We have not discovered some other choices to manage these sorts of circumstances. Now and then war has defiantley been nescesarry. One of those reasons is gone to the resistance of the guiltless, for example, the Jewish Population in World War 2, who were butchered in the millions by hitler. War has a few positives. For instance a warring country that is winning will for the most part achieve a monetary upswing if the economy is coming up short (like coming out of the Great Depression when WWII began) It is when creators and innovations make extraordinary walks in the technologial and logical fields are made (see the nuclear bomb, the fly motor, radar, even the PC) So as should be obvious War negatively affects human tradgedy, however society all in all normally profits by wars over the long haul. My own conviction is that War isn't nescessary. Who knows what number of incredible developments we have lost, since that individual was drafted t... <!

Corporate Image Through Related Marketing â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Corporate Image Through Related Marketing? Answer: Presentation The commencement of corporate social obligation (CSR) methodology is a significant component in todays business competiveness and this is something that is guided by the firm itself (Tai Chuang, 2014). The significance of CRS methodology is along these lines, to impact the general public and expanding the arrangement of the mutual incentive for the holder of the business, their workers, investors and partners. Along these lines, CRS gives certain advantages to the association that are they continue the consequences of open worth, to positively affect the network, guides being a business of decision, propels both expert and self-improvement and heightens the associations with the shoppers (Hilson, 2012). Besides, it additionally benefits an organization as far as hazard the executives, cost reserve funds and development limit. The picked association for this specific report is Griffith University and the conversation depends on the acts of corporate social obligation (CSR) taken up by this college. Hypothesis: Integrating CSR and Issues Management CSR is an idea of the board, which is incorporated by the associations social and natural anxieties in their business activities alongside interfacing with their partners (Asif et al., 2013). CRS is the path through which an association achieves a security of financial, ecological and social objectives and on a similar time, it tends to the speculations of their investors and partners. Notwithstanding, it is critical to remove a qualification between the CSR that can be a significant administration idea and then again good cause, sponsorship and magnanimity. By and by, CSR has three hypotheses and they are as per the following: The partner hypothesis of CSR-in principle has been into work since 1990 as an immediate substitution and challenge to the investor esteem hypothesis that was proposed by Freeman in 1984. The partner hypothesis features exceptional social than any others random unassociated to the organization. Consequently, CSR as indicated by this hypothesis signifies the associations partner duty (Brown Forster, 2013). The business morals hypothesis CSR-this hypothesis depends on the more extensive social duties and good obligation that business has towards the network. In any case, it supports CSR on three diverse however interrelated moral causes and they are the adjusting and happened social responsiveness and desires to explicit social issues, outward or characteristic moral qualities that is propelled by Kantian standards and are spoken to as regulating and worldwide standards including social equity, reasonableness and privileges of human and ultimately, corporate citizenship (Spence, 2016). Investor esteem hypothesis of CSR-this is the viewpoint that is meant by the Nobel Laureate Milton Friedman in 1970 broadcasts that solitary social obligations of business can build up its benefits by following lawful standards (Servaes Tamayo, 2013). Issues the executives is the methodology, through which an organization deals with their approach, perceives their potential issues, challenges, and patterns that could be bestowed sooner rather than later (Weiss, 2014). Notwithstanding, issues the board practices in a long haul, critical thinking capacity which is put at a more elevated level of the organization by means of which the authoritative arrangements can be created and dazzle in an open undertaking process. Through issues the board just the showing up issues that will influence the organization are searched for alongside the intension to build up a long haul, reliable connection with the clients and both government and the working people groups. In any case, there must be some professional animation from the earliest starting point to get a legitimate issues the executives. Definite issues the executives can help an association from an issue getting an out and out review or might be an explanation behind crucial clients to get annoyed with the association. The models of issues the board express that numerous means that are remembered for the procedure yet they are classifications into three significant headings. They are distinguishing proof and examination of the issue, dynamic and activity are vital and ultimately, assessment. The initial step mostly includes examining and watching. That is checking the workplace that will help recognizing if there are any dangers or any open door being disregarded. At that point, there is key dynamic that incorporates prioritization, vital alternatives and activity taking. Activity making different strides in vital dynamic has no worth if right move is made towards the issue raised. The last advance is of assessment where the accomplishment of the issue the board lies. Here advances are assessed in setting destinations that are clear and quantifiable. The test in this part is to locate the best apparatus to set the target. The job of CSR inside the association Australian colleges are seeing distinctive legislative activities that have been giving assets so they can coordinate corporate social duty (CSR) issues adding to preparing the skill with a ground-breaking feeling of morals, social qualities and tensions for the outcomes of the exercises of organizations in the general public (de Lange, 2013). At the Griffith University that is the picked association for this report, Dr Heather Stewart and Dr Rod Gapp are by and by reviewing the terms and uses of CSR in littler to medium endeavors. Griffith University identified with CSR is be that as it may, identified with natural instruction. Here the negative effect is diminished on the person about the normal world just as on nature and pleasing creation and utilization is diminishing their environmental effect. Be that as it may, understudies are additionally asked to take up the natural issues on a basic level; instructive frameworks are growingly impacting ecological issues in the courses of college. Understudies are additionally urged to get themselves busy with social and ecological issue that goes past the understudies space of intrigue. This enables the understudy to engage in ad libbing the framework and in protecting the assets with the goal that the group of people yet to come gets the advantages of its flourishing and prosperity (Ahmad, 2012). Griffith University like some other association called upon investors and partners with the goal that they can support their primary concern just as help in tending to a portion of the countrys most requesting issues that include both monetary and natural turn of events. This college has connected with partners since it can impact its prosperity at various levels, for additional commitment among the organization and their investors and partners and in conclusion, to climb in feasible and responsible contributing (Mason Simmons, 2014). While examining venture choices investors and potential speculators are dynamically evaluating the CSR concerns. Aside from different advantages of CSR, it additionally influences the associations brand and notoriety. Marking chiefly contains an associations logo, slogan and name with one principle point of making adjusted name and picture for the association (Lii Lee, 2012). Notwithstanding, from this point of view CSR for Griffith University makes tha t adjustment. Prior to utilizing the logo and name, CSR for Griffith University utilizes its social duty programs that are shown through various pertinent activities. Be that as it may, by social duty the Organizations are for the most part separate themselves from their rivals yet just when this work is done accurately. Subsequently, the most ideal approach to empower the great notoriety of the association is to ad lib their CSR. Job of CSR issues the executives for your association The association needs to deal with the accompanying issues The decreasing job of the administration lessening legislative assets joined with a suspect of guidelines, which has prompted the review of deliberate, and the automatic capacity. Solicitation for significant divulgence there is constantly an expanding interest for corporate disclosure. Developing weight of the speculator financial specialists before contributing fundamentally centers around the presentation of the organization and the moral concern they have. Expanded understudies enthusiasm for a college the moral lead applies on the expanding impact on the choices of the understudies. It is the means by which they see the social execution. Be that as it may, media has a viable task to carry out in how CSR is accounted for to the mass. It isn't at all feasible for the associations to do all the things required for the social causes. The world should likewise know and get propelled and associations must set a model with the goal that others can tail it. Griffith University utilizes the media to scan for volunteers any place they are setting their CSR activities. Through media, it causes the general public to look over the benefit. Media is likewise used to distribute articles by the college and aides in spreading the strategic the college and promoting its CSR (Park Ghauri, 2015). As associations today are looking with colossal partner bunch accordingly, they are getting pulled in with more prominent consideration and weight on both social and natural issues. In this way, rendering great purposes into specific advantages of appropriate corporate notoriety is of monstrous worth. CSR issue the executives in this manner pla ys a key component of a notoriety of the association where the partners bunches view of how the universitys CSR activities and results interface with the partners social and ecological qualities just as desires. Accordingly, CSR issue the executives is the basic drivers of the notoriety of the association (Park, Chidlow Choi, 2014). Consistency of organization corporate correspondence messages Corporate picture is the manner by which pariahs perceive the association, its exercises and administrations (Vanhamme et al., 2012). In any case, the genuine intensity of the corporate correspondence messages is clarified by its consistency.

The Criticism Found in John Gay’s The Beggar’s Opera of the Lower and Upper Classes - Literature Essay Samples

First performed in 1728, The Beggar’s Opera is exceptional for its focus on the lower classes. The playwright, John Gay, used this focus for a particular social and political reason: to criticize the lower and upper classes in order to elevate the middle. Being disenchanted by the courts when the South Sea Bubble crashes in 1720 due to a combination of corruption and economics, Gay begins to distrust the actions and the effects of the court class. His way of criticizing them is to equalize the courts to the lower class, who he sees as being endowed with low morals. This opinion was most likely shaped by the real-life criminal celebrities at the time, Jonathan Wild and Jack Sheppard. In The Beggar’s Opera, Gay criticizes the lower and upper classes through the ironic equivalency between criminals and the court. By criticizing the the lowermost and uppermost classes in this way, Gay elevates the status of his audience, the middle class. Gay introduces the lower class right away in this play as the main characters. A beggar starts the play, instead of a lord or lady, saying, â€Å"If poverty be a title to poetry, I am sure nobody can dispute mine† (Gay 41). We are then soon introduced to Peachum, who can be compared to aforementioned real-life criminal celebrity Jonathan Wild, and to his wife and daughter. To Peachum, the concept of honor is a very different one than what most of Gay’s middle class readers may hold. Peachum sees no sin in using the skills of the criminals who work for him and then throwing them under the bus when it benefits him, saying, â€Å"A lawyer is an honest employment, so is mine. Like me too he acts in double capacity, both against rogues and for ‘em; for tis but fitting that we should protect and encourage cheats, since we live by them† (43). This is not only commenting on Peachum’s loose morals towards honor, but is also introducing the idea that the lower class is imitating the upper class, which we will see much more of later on. Peachum also seems to hold the belief that the only honor found in someone is found in their usefulness. He says to his wife about his criminals, â€Å"I hate a lazy rouge, by whom one can get nothing ‘till he is hanged† (45). By this, he obviously does not value human life as anything but a means to an end. Peachum has similar attitudes towards his own daughter, Polly Peachum, saying, â€Å"A girl who cannot grant some things, and refuse what is most material, will make but a poor hand of her beauty, and soon be thrown upon the common† (54). Beauty, to him, is just a way to achieve something else. This statement also leads to an irony of what Peachum sees as â€Å"the common.† Instead of his own people being common, he means it to be those who act more upper class, which we will see more of later on. This is a way by which the lower class imitate the upper class, mocking each ot her by calling them â€Å"common.† Peachum is again seen as a man with quite incredibly loose morals when he says to his wife, â€Å"No gentleman is ever looked upon the worse for killing a man in his own defence; and if business cannot be carried on without it, what would you have a gentleman do?† This is meant to make somewhat of a caricature of the poorer class, saying their morals are so beneath that of the middle class that they are ridiculous. The way he represents these characters in essential to understanding what he wishes to say about them to his audience, the middle class. Readers are meant to laugh at the lower class in this play, not with them. There is obviously a sentiment already present in the generation that the lower class imitates the upper class and that both are loose in morals. This representation is used by Gay to criticize not only the lower class, but the upper class as well. After all, there is an idea very present in this play that the lower class imitate the upper. We can see this when Mrs. Peachum says, â€Å"She loves to imitate the fine ladies† (50) and â€Å"now the wench hath played the fool and married, because forsooth she would do like the gentry† (55). This is distinctly drawing a line between what the lower class do and the influence of the upper class. There is an ironic equivalency presented by the lower class characters between criminals and the court. We can see this right away when an old woman near Peachum sings, â€Å"Through all employments of life / Each neighbor abuses his brother; / Whore and rogue they call husband and wife: / All professions be-rogue another. / The priest calls the lawyer a cheat, / The lawyer be-knaves the divine; / And the statesman, because he’s so great, / Thinks his trade as honest as mine.† This and Peachum’s next lines that I have written in the previous paragraph act as ways to equalize the uppermost and lowermost classes in regards to their morals. The upper class notions of what is civilized and honorable, like marriage and statesmen, are brought down as â€Å"whore and rogue.† Peachum says later on about Slippery Sam, â€Å"for the villain hath the impudence to have views of following his trade as a tailor, which he calls an honest employment† (46). This is both an example of the lower class believing in loose morals and the upper class being brought down a notch. As another example of equalization, Peachum says, â€Å"The man that proposes to get money by play should have the education of a fine gentleman, and be trained up to it from his youth† and his wife responds with, â€Å"What business hath he to keep company with lords and gentlemen? He should leave them to prey upon one another† (49). These lines of the low er class downright mocking the upper class are supposed to not only bring down the idea that the upper class is superior, but also allow for the middle class audience to laugh at both classes in this moment. In these lines, the middle class has the upper hand, as they can be seen as knowing both classes are morally corrupt compared to them. Gay molds this feeling into them by his use of the poor mocking the rich. Gay uses the upper class model of the opera and mocks it by inserting ballads, a lower class form of music, into it. We see this when the beggar in the beginning of the play says, â€Å"I have introduced the similes that are in all your celebrated operas†¦ I have observed a nice impartiality to our two ladies, that it is impossible for either to take offense. I hope I may be forgiven, that I have not made my opera throughout unnatural, like those in vogue† (41). This is continued through the play in regards to the form and the songs. This proves again Gay’s idea that the poor imitate the courts. This is just one of the ways he equalizes the upper class with the lower class through form. He also uses certain diction in his lower class character’s sayings to represent the imitation of the upper class by the poor. Peachum says to his wife, â€Å"Murder is as fashionable a crime as a man can be guilty of’ (48). Describing murder as fashionable here indic ates that Gay is using upper class notions to describe morally corrupt and loose actions. Gay uses this to accentuate the notion of upper class superiority as being farse and that they actually affect the lower class to be morally corrupt. There are multiple examples that Gay presents of the lower class characters equating the professional classes and the court class with stealing. It is sung in one of the ballads, â€Å"It ever was decreed, sir, / If lawyer’s hand is fee’d, sir, / He steals your whole estate† (60). This is very directly equating the professional class with Peachum’s own occupation, thievery. Peachum says to his defense, â€Å"In one respect indeed, our employment may be reckoned dishonest, because, like great statesmen, we encourage those who betray their friends† (85). The inclusion of â€Å"great statesmen† is a ridicule of Walpole, who Gay holds immense distrust and disdain for. This is equating the morals of the lower class directly with the upper class, and, by extension, saying that the poor imitate the court. This imitation of the court by the poor can be seen throughout the play and is designed to be a way the middle class readers can laugh at both of the classes and feel superior in their own standing. At the end of the play, we see the beggar saying, â€Å"Through the whole piece you may observe such a similitude of manners in high and low life, that it is difficult to determine whether (in the fashionable vices) the fine gentlemen imitate the gentlemen of the road, or the gentlemen of the road the fine gentlemen. Had the play remained, as I at first intended, it would have carried a most excellent moral. ‘Twould have shown that the lower sort of people have their vices in a degree as well as the rich; and that they are punished for them† (121). This is very clearly granting the middle class the right, and almost the duty, to feel superior to the lower and middle classes. The lower class is â€Å"punished† for its imitation of the court’s corrupted morals, thus vindicating the middle class as morally superior. This play is one that sets up the middle class to be the moral heroes, and does so without focusing on the middle class as much as the others. The lower class is the true subject in this piece, and is represented as having loose morals and sketchy occupations. This representation is used to criticize the upper class as being of equal caliber as the poor, if not worse because the poor imitate the courts. These ideas presented by gay were no doubt heavily influenced by the corruption taking hold in the courts at this time and the criminal celebrities of the lower class. Works Cited Gay, John. The Beggar’s Opera. London: Penguin, 1986. Print.

Light and Music in The Glass Menagerie and Master Harold...And the Boys - Literature Essay Samples

Light and music are two elements of drama that can become significant in developing the plot and characters. Certain playwrights may further incorporate stage lighting including directional lighting and setting lighting in order to not only divert attention to the critical area of the stage, but as well to adequately present their ideas. Correspondingly, music as well can be indirectly implemented in plays through the characters’ dialogue and allusions to musical pieces; thus, becoming symbolic. Furthermore, this music can be directly presented in the background of the play. Both playwrights, Tennessee Williams and Athol Fugard employ the elements of lighting and music in their respective plays, The Glass Menagerie and Master Harold and the Boys in order to both intensify the reality of their plays as well as develop the theme of escapism and the accompanying theme of hope and hopelessness. Williams uses light for stage directions and as a symbol in The Glass Menagerie in order to develop his theme of hope; more specifically, to portray Laura’s ultimate sense of hopelessness. The stage directions call for â€Å"gloomy gray† lighting with a â€Å"turgid red glow† and a â€Å"deep blue husk†. This form of lighting helps construct the images of memory and its unrelenting power as well as its associated mood of nostalgia and deep melancholy. Such a mood is one that alludes to a sense of hopelessness for which Laura experiences. This hopelessness is emphasized through the symbol of light rather than the stage lighting. That is, the following simile is developed where Laura is described to be â€Å"like a piece of translucent glass touched by light, given a momentary radiance, not actual, not lasting†. Such a description not only forecasts her inability to maintain confidence but as well suggests that her beauty is innately tied to her delic acy and the disadvantage she has with her condition. Moreover, it displays the impermanence of hope in her life, as it comes as quickly as it goes. Williams further emphasizes Laura’s delicacy through another character—Jim. Upon Jim’s arrival to their home, and Laura’s refuge, there is a delicate lemony light that appears and eventually a soft light that brings out Laura’s â€Å"unearthly prettiness†. As the light symbolizes hope, it becomes evident that Jim provides Laura with a temporary sense of hope upon his arrival. The â€Å"lemony† or yellow color that the light is described through, however, becomes of significance as it becomes cautionary of the damage that Jim will ultimately provoke in Laura. Though Jim enlists hope in Laura by providing her with comments that temporarily raise her self-confidence, he flees abruptly, leaving Laura hopeless once again and thus sparking the argument that the play ends on a rather pessimistic note. Williams underscores this lack of hope through Tim’s physical escape from the house; that is, his attempt to escape their reality suggests that he too has withdrawn all his hope in Laura having a better, happier life. Williams further conveys the very theme of escapism and demonstrates the characters’ abstinence from confronting reality by incorporating music in his theatrical piece. Not only does the music hold a great degree of symbolic significance, but it as well provides emotion to the scenes. In the fourth scene, for example, Williams incorporates â€Å"Ava Maria† in the background in order to allude to the harsh responsibilities that Amanda has as a mother. These responsibilities are what ultimately fuel Amanda’s desperate efforts in obtaining a better life for her daughter. In the process of doing so, Amanda feels inclined to escape her reality and own failures as well as the reality of Laura’s handicap. As Tom attempts to make his mother face the reality of her daughter’s handicap, â€Å"the music changes to a tango that has a minor and somewhat ominous tone. The music helps to provide a worrying impression and thus demonstrate Amanda’s fear of r eality and the consequences that come with confronting reality. Another character whose attitude towards reality is described through music is Laura. That is, as Jim arrives, Laura becomes terrified and begs her mother to open the door, but she refuses and forces Laura to open it. Before reluctantly opening the door, however, she winds the Victoria to play music. Laura attempts to play this music in order to escape from the intense situation—to escape reality. With Amanda escaping from her past, Laura escaping her troubled existence and Tom escaping the house with its responsibilities including the burden of obtaining a better life for Laura, the characters ultimately push each other farther apart as they retreat into their own imaginations. Hence, music aids in conveying not only the idea of escapism but as well in depicting the alienation the characters feel from not only one another, but from society as a whole. Fugard as well employs light in his play, Master Harold and the Boys merely as a symbol for hope. When Hally and Sam discuss ballroom dancing, and whether or not dance is considered a form of art, Hally argues and describes that in his imagination, dancing simply involves people â€Å"having a so-called good time†. Sam offers another description, claiming that it Hally’s imagination â€Å"left out the excitement† and that it is â€Å"not just another dancethere’s going to be a lot of peoplehaving a good timeparty decorations and fancy lights all around the hallthe ladies in beautiful evening dresses!† The lights evidently become symbolic for positivity and hope as the description of such lights aid Sam in defying Hally’s pessimistic outlook on ballroom dancing. Fugard associates â€Å"fancy lights† with the extended metaphor of ballroom dancing in order to present ballroom dancing in a rather positive and hopeful manner. By doing so, F ugard describes the dreamlike quality that the dance and dancers possess. This sort of description demonstrates the dance as a metaphor for social harmony. The symbolic element of light is again presented at the end of the play when the jukebox â€Å"comes to life in the gray twilight†. This gray light is incorporated at the end of the play in order to further emphasize the hope for such potential harmony and peace among Blacks and Whites. As gray is midway between black and white, Fugard deliberately incorporates this light as a means of conveying the hope for Blacks and Whites to come together as one. This very idea is further highlighted through Fugard’s employment of the motif of music and the corresponding theme of escapism. Fugard uses music to not only provide movement to the play, but as well to develop theme of escapism; more specifically, escaping reality as attempted by Sam and Willie. Throughout the play, Sam and Willie practice the â€Å"waltz† and â€Å"foxtrot† for their ballroom dancing. Similar to light, music as well becomes associated with the extended metaphor of ballroom dancing. Thus, the music helps to allude to a dreamlike, collision-free world by which the dancers are capable of enlisting order in a disordered world, and respectively, an ideal society with no collisions between Blacks and Whites. Sam and Willie use music and ballroom dancing to escape their realities; however, Hally interferes with such an escape as he claims â€Å"The truth? I seem to be only one around here who is prepared to face it. Weve had the pretty dream; its time now to wake up and have a good long look at the way things really are. Nobody knows the steps, theres no music, the cripples are also out there tripping up everybody and trying to get into the act, and its all called the All-Comers-How-to-Make-a-[Mess]-of-Life-Championships.† As music becomes a symbol for escaping reality, Hally specifically indicates that there is â€Å"no music† in order to suggest that escaping reality is impossible. Fugard does not, however, allow these words to convey his final message. Rather, he officially ends the play with lyrics of a song sung by Sarah Vaughn called â€Å"Little Man, You’ve had a Busy Day†. This song becomes significant as it suggests that Hally is the little man who was compelled upon adulthood. The little man in the context of the song is in tears because he lost his toys; this seems so simple and foolish to the adult but heartrending to the child. Rather than neglecting his child or disregarding his sadness, the father comforts the child and suggests for him to go to bed. Correspondingly, Sam, who is presented as the ‘father’ o f Hally provides him with unconditional support, and suggests for him to sleep so as to allude to escaping the harsh reality of the apartheid system. Though insulted by Hally’s spitting, he ultimately does not lose hope on Hally waking up and realizing that he can control his life and personal decisions and overlook the system of apartheid. Both Athol Fugard and Tennessee Williams develop the theme of escapism and theme of hope and hopelessness in their plays Master Harold and the Boys and The Glass Menagerie through their incorporation of light and music in the form of stage directions and motifs. Though there is an evident similarity in the manner by which the two playwrights develop these themes, there is also an apparent difference in the final meaning that the two are attempting to convey. That is, Tennessee Williams uses light to convey a sense of hopelessness while Athol Fugard employs this light to leave the audience with a more hopeful attitude towards the future by the end of his play. Williams’ use of light helps justify the characters’ desire to escape their reality and retreat into their fantasy world. Because there is no hope in enhancing their lives, all the characters cope through a complete escape. Fugard offers an antithetical message; rather than the characters’ hopelessness prope lling them to escaping their reality, it is their ability to escape the harsh reality of the apartheid system that provides them with hope. The difference in the two plays is further understood through the macrocosmic vision that the two playwrights allude to. In The Glass Menagerie, Williams portrays a sense of hopelessness and an ultimate desire to escape in his play in order emphasize the way in which individuals viewed the 1940s as an exciting escape from the 1930s. Hence, Amanda, Laura, and Tom become associated with other Americans in the Great Depression who sought relief from their distressing lives by escaping their reality through films, false identities, and fantasies. By making such an association, Williams demonstrates the negative affect of The Great Depression. In Master Harold and the Boys, Athol Fugard ends on a more optimistic note in order to send out an anti-apartheid message—a message that transcends the norms of South Africa at the time. He encourages the fight against the racial segregation as he suggests that society can be a whole and can be harmonious if Blacks and Whites function in unis on with each other. Thus, it becomes evident that the manner by which the two playwrights present their themes in their plays correspond with their macrocosmic visions—with and without hope.